If you have a question about the reconstruction of Kabul, or its context in the current situation or history of Afghanistan, you are invited to ask your question here. If we can, we will post an answer to your question as soon as we are able (please allow us 2-4 weeks for research and networking on your behalf). Please note that questions are no longer being answered on a regular basis. This section of the project is now maintained as an archive. If you would still like to submit a question, please do, but keep in mind that your question might not be answered for several months. If you are wondering why a previously submitted and/or answered question is no longer visible on the site, that question and/or its answer was most likely hacked by a spammer and had to be removed in order to keep the site clear of redirecting links and other irrelevant content.

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Posted: 2008-06-15 09:25:53
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Posted: 2008-06-12 09:35:18
3. I would like to get a contact e-mail address from writer Hamida Ghafour, Adela munoz-paez, senior lecturer, University of Sevilla, Spain
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Posted: 2008-09-05 15:08:41
4. What kind of crops is cultivated in the agriculture of Afghanistan? - P.L., Sweden
Um, these days, mostly opium poppies (papaver somniferum) ... Afghanistan produces close to 90 percent of the world's opium supply. Much discussion has taken place during the post-invasion years over what could be a viable replacement crop for the opium poppy farmers, with one of the more logical suggestions being other flowers grown for the perfume trade or flower markets in Europe. During the 2007 growing season, one northern province succeeded in almost totally replacing its poppy crop (with wheat, I believe) -- mainly because the local farmers had realized that the massive overproduction in the southern provinces, particularly the Helmand, had driven the price of poppy down to the point where other crops might now actually be more profitable. In Helmand, however, the poppy harvest set a new record. - mariam
Posted: 2007-08-22 19:25:38
5. Which are the great cities in Afghanistan except Kabul? - P.L., Sweden
Herat is one of the most legendary cities of Central Asia, comparable historically with Samarkand. Kandahar and Jalalabad are also major cities.
-mariam
Posted: 2007-04-12 10:19:14
6. Who take care of the old people in your country?Their relatives or the community?
Usually relatives, although there is a government program called the Department of Martyrs which provides minimum-wage employment for war widows, since widows are often cast out by in-laws. Life expectancy in Afghanistan is not particularly high so the burden of care for the older generation is quite the same urgent issue that it is in Western societies where the baby boomers are now retiring.
-mariam
Posted: 2007-04-12 10:16:24
7. SKYSCRAPERS
Um, as far as I know, there aren't any skyscrapers in Kabul yet, although the first full-on American-style mall, which is unusually tall for the city at 10 stories, opened in November 2005. It was recently the subject of a gushing feature by Terry Moran on Nightline on ABC. The Nightline story, titled -A day in the life of Kabul-, neglected to mention several interesting details in the IWPR story on the mall, including the fact that security for the glass-walled building is provided by 40 guards, most actually members of the interior ministry police, and that both guests in the hotel (which takes up the upper four floors of the building) and shoppers in the mall tend to be foreigners, and the rest are among the few relatively wealthy Afghans who work with international NGOs or have money coming in from overseas. The building itself cost $20 million USD to build, and commercial space inside it rents at $50 USD per square foot; three glass elevators and four escalators present a startling contrast to the many Kabul homes that survive completely without electricity, or get by with only a few hours of power each day.
-mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:14:23
8. Hola, soy una amiga Argentina de Farhad Ahad, supe que falleció en el 2003 y estoy muy apenada por lo sucedido. Quisiera contactarme con algún amigo o familiar para saber algo de su vida antes de lo acontecido. Mi nombre es Esperanza, visité en una oportunidad a Farhad en Houston cuando todavía trabajaba en Enron Company y conocí algunos de sus amigos..! Sé que en Argentina hizo muchos amigos por eso él vino varias veces a mi país, también nos encontramos una vez en Miami, tengo los mejores recuerdos de Farhad, un hombre muy amigable y carismático, lleno de vida. Pido información acerca de él y quisiera tener contacto con sus amigos y, o familiares...Gracias
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Posted: 2008-09-04 10:21:48
9. How can I apply for a job?
Depending on what kind of job you're looking for, there are a few different places to find listings of opportunities in Kabul:
Idealist lists jobs in the nonprofit sector
Afghan Communicator lists jobs in aid organization and government
Development Gateway lists tender opportunities and active reconstruction projects in Afghanistan
The Afghan Chamber of Commerce also maintains job listings, although I couldn't get them to work on my Mac.
Good luck! - mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 17:05:06
10. please inform me if there is a job of steelfixer in kabul reconstruction.i have ten years experience my id is mureedckl@yahoo.com please send me an email or guide me. thanks
Take a look at the list of reconstruction-related employment resource sites I posted in response to the other job-related question - hopefully one of them will have the right job for you. There's a lot of construction work going on, although much of it goes through foreign contractors. Good luck - mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 17:07:32
11. Hi KR, Who is responsible for issuing an account so that I can participate in sharing my idea...thanks......I am simple coool boy not related to any party or any political organization but just an OR.
Sorry to say that the information section of this project is no longer active, so no new accounts are being issued. If you'd like me to link to anything you've written elsewhere, feel free to email me at mariam[nospam]@kabul-reconstructions.net - just take the nospam brackets out of the address. Otherwise I can recommend the afghaniyat listserv on Yahoo! Groups as a good place to share ideas with a lot of diasporic Afghans.
-mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 15:59:21
12. Who is Nabila Akbari, I want more Details about her if it be possible?
I really don't know much more about her than what I posted already. She was just 18 years old when she became one of the first graduates of, and media darling/poster child for the fledgling ITT program in 2003. After that, not sure what she has been up to.
-Mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 21:31:43
13. what is futer with fraindshi between india and afganistan
Hmm, I don't have a crystal ball, so I'm really not sure ... probably better than the friendship between Afghanistan and Pakistan though ... xM
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:50:24
14. I am trying to get some more information about the aircraft in ther
This question seems to have been cut off. You can try asking it again if you like. -mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:51:16
15. Are there any plans ever to locate and destroy the land mines left by Russiain Afghanistan?
A quick look at the Development Gateway database of current and ongoing international development projects in Afghanistan reveals that since 2001, approximately $39,536,494 (USD) has been pledged or spent on programs related to mineclearing, land mine surveys and information gathering, training minesweepers and clearers, and developing new equipment to clear mines. The primary donors are USSD and USAID, followed by the UK, Japan, the European Union, and Spain. Some of the work is carried out by the UN's land mine program and more is carried out by the US military in conjunction with specially trained units of the Afghan army. As far as I know, at this time there are still (especially in certain provinces) an enormous number of unplotted, unexploded land mines in Afghanistan.
-mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 16:25:06
16. informations about hamed karzai?
you'll have to be more specific; you can just google him if you want to know absolutely everything about him. good luck! -mariam
Posted: 2005-06-15 15:45:35
17. Who is sonia ziaee
She is one of the first two graduates (the other being Nabila Akbari) of the Cisco Academy technology training program referenced in the question about the roles of women in technology below. I believe they actually went to the U.S. and did the United States Telecommunications Training Institute course there, and they now run the academy program in Kabul through the Ministry of Women's Affairs.
Posted: 2005-06-15 16:33:16
18. i want 20 questions which have been asked by someone on the topic educational problems
Really not sure which 20 questions you are talking about. In researching this, however, I came across another list of 20 questions that I found pretty interesting:
20 Questions for Global Leaders
-mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 21:13:28
19. What is the population of Kabul in 2005?
According to a World Bank Policy Note (with the apt title of Kabul: Urban Land in Crisis), the population of Kabul was 3 million in 2004, has been growing at a steady rate of approximately 15% per year since 1999, and was projected to increase at least 5% (2% migrants and 3% natural growth) in 2005, representing about 150,000 new inhabitants. The policy note analyzes whether sustained growth at this rate can continue to be accomodated within the rapidly expanding but ultimately geographically bounded (by mountains circling the Kabul valley) limits of the city. - mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:28:26
20. Hello, I
Oh dear, the question cutoff glitch is back. Let me tell people who are thinking about asking questions that it happens when you use apostrophes in your questions, so please do not! (Notice how I did not contract the do not.) This question was from Stan, a Canadian civilian and plumber by trade who wanted some advice on going to Kabul to work on rebuilding the water and sewage infrastructure; specifically whether he would be safe and how he would be treated.

Honest answer? As in most places outside the Western world, it would depend on who you would be working for, how you would live there, and how you would treat others. If you would be working for the U.S. government in any way, or for any security contractors, this is not a good time to go. People are really, really unhappy about the prisoner abuse reports that are emerging from all quarters, and one of the big ISAF bases in Afghanistan was Canadian, so even though people like ISAF a lot better than American soldiers, they still see them (and by extension your government) as collaborators in these acts. If you would be working for an international NGO, and living in a guesthouse full of internationals who can clearly be observed to live and act only within the international scene, the separate NGO/diplomatic bubble that exists in the city, I think it's also a bit dicey -- there is bound to be a growing resentment of this other Kabul, with its own economy and society and culture, that doesn't quite mesh with the Afghan city. If you come to work for the Afghan government or for an Afghan NGO or contractor -- to really work for Afghans and live with Afghans, putting your talents in service of what they need and want for the city and adapting to their culture, instead of expecting them to adapt to yours, then you will be welcomed with open arms and a kind of hospitality, generosity of spirit, and good faith that is almost unthinkable here.
I wish you luck and safety if you do go. - mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:32:40

21. What are PRTs?
PRT is the abbreviation for Provincial Reconstruction Teams, small operating bases installed by the US in several Afghan provinces from which a combined civilian + military force work on reconstruction projects or provide security for aid groups operating in the area. Wikipedia has a good summary of the idea behind PRTs and the areas where they have been in operation. The PRT concept has been criticized by a number of humanitarian aid groups working in Afghanistan, who felt that it further blurred the (already fuzzy) lines between military and humanitarian interests in the Afghan reconstruction, thereby placing their aid workers in danger of attack from groups opposed to the US military presence in Afghanistan. The debate over PRTs and the new approaches to PRT implementation later attempted are nicely summarized in a special report from the United States Institute for Peace.
-mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:27:42
22. Could
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Posted: 2008-09-01 04:17:36
23. what is the pathway to leadership of Zahir Shah and evaluating the impact of his leadership style on the leader?
mariam: Well, as the ex-king of Afghanistan, Zahir Shah's pathway to leadership was basically being born into it and exercising it rather well through the 1964 Constitutional Jirga and the democratic structures it put into place; then having it seized from him in a coup and abdicating the throne; then living in a comfortable exile in Italy for many years before coming back to Afghanistan to be declared the "Father of the Nation" - basically a ceremonial title; while his family has re-occupied their old palace, they have renounced all offical claim to the throne. He appears at Jirgas to bless the proceedings and his benevolent presence, while having no real effect on the way politics play out in today's Afghanistan, does legitimize the present administration in the eyes of Afghans who remember his reign nostalgically as the last period of stability, prosperity and unity in recent Afghan history.
Posted: 2005-06-15 15:27:47
24. How many people wants to go to afghanistan from Europe and Amerika?
Not sure if you are asking about returnees from the Afghan diaspora, or visitors who request visas. There was a massive influx of 2.2 million returned refugees between 2001 and 2004. At this point estimates hover somewhere around a more steady stream of 20,000 returnees per year. As far as temporary visitors go, I'm not sure but I will try to find out how many visas for foreigners are issued each year. I would guess quite a few as the international NGO/security economy in Kabul is firmly entrenched and seems to keep growing all the time. -mariam
Posted: 2006-10-18 21:38:03
25. Hi. Cool project. During the Soviet occupation, I heard that mujahedin carpets were made in the refugee camps with images of tanks, missiles, automatic rifles, etc. woven into them, and then sold mostly to Russian soldiers stationed near the camps. Do you know any more about them? Recen
mariam: Thanks, Recen. You're right about the "war carpets," as they're sometimes called. As far as I know, they were produced mostly in refugee camps, particularly in the border zone with north Pakistan. I think though that while the original customers may have been mainly Russian soldiers, the coded messages of resistance and oblique histories of the civil war that were woven into these rugs have gained them a following of niche collectors from all over the world. For example, the L.A.-based Israeli artist Eddo Stern exhibited his collection of Afghan war carpets as an installation at Postmasters Gallery in New York last year. I uploaded a jpeg installation view of his collection, which shows 7 examples of these carpets, to the INFORMATION page for you. Will try to see if I can photograph any more while I'm in Kabul at the end of December.
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:36:58
26. Are there primary financial services in Kabul like a stock market, insurance, social security, welfare, etc.; and have they been reconstructed in any substantial ways?
mariam: The short answer to your question is no, not at the moment. As can be traced from the original National Development Framework (NDF) developed by the interim governments Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority (ACA) in early 2002 to the projects listed in the current National Budget, the reconstruction of the financial systems of Kabul has had to start at the much more basic level of first re-issuing the currency (the Afghani, successfully stabilized in October 2002 by a radical recall and re-issue that changed its value from less than .00025 USD to about .02 USD) and then working towards the establishment of a Central Bank that could provide credit services. The private sector economy has definitely not yet reached the stage where it can support a stock market. In terms of insurance, the government plan seems to be to encourage the development of this area through the private sector. While as yet there is no social security or welfare as a formal program, I believe there is some form of refugee assistance available from the central government -- will try to find out more for you on that. mariam2: During my recent visit to Kabul I was reminded by my father that many of the financial services that are provided formally in places like the U.S. by banking systems, like credit and financial insurance, have been provided for centuries in Central and South Asia and the Middle East by the hawala or havala network, a paperless system for transferring money across distances, without actually moving it, based solely on relationships of trust (often longstanding or inherited family relationships). The persistence of hawala networks in Afghanistan and the region have often been cited as the primary reason why it is so difficult to "follow the money trail" for terrorist, criminal and intelligence operations in these areas of the world, because their transactions are carried out over these networks that keep no records.
Besides the above links, I have also put a PDF of a paper published by the IMF that debunks this association to a certain extent on the INFORMATION PAGE for your reference.
Posted: 2006-10-18 20:37:45
27. Hi everyone. I am in the process of writing an article on the reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and would like to know your views on the issue of "Identity" and to be specific, "Afghan Identity"? Thanks, Ajmal
mariam: Hi Ajmal- I hope some of the other participants will also respond to your question, since I believe the question of identity is one that can only be approached on an individual basis -- because it is composed equally from circumstances and choice. My own construction of my Afghan identity has been extremely fluid over the course of my life and has been determined to a great extent not only by a simple genetic or cultural coding of heritage but also by my context: within a family that is Afghan but also Lebanese and American; within a community that has been at various times entirely Western, primarily Arab or Arab-American, largely immigrant, or partly Afghan; within a country, the United States, that has veered between intense attention to and involvement in the affairs of Afghanistan and near-complete ignorance of them; and within a world of nations where the claiming of Afghan identity has held wildly different degrees of future possibility (for mobility, for citizenship, for economic gain, for social capital) at different points in space and time. Oddly enough, the precise moment when I claimed my Afghan identity fully for the first time was also the moment when I was precisely split between two of my three inseparable identities by the shocking impact of the U.S. bombs hitting Afghan soil. In those painful, pointed days of October 2001, I felt the familiar need to embrace the site under threat, to record the trace of the almost-lost object, combined with the confused and conflicted guilt of a fully assimilated Afghan-American -- as if suddenly I had found myself in the scope of a B-52's gun camera while my own manicured hands signaled the missile release. In the wake of the bombs, I awoke to find myself nominated by all the non-Afghans around me as the speaker of the new Afghanistan, the instant authority who was assigned the task of creating through my words a bridge they could walk across to reach this country they suddenly felt was mine. Perhaps I could have refused both the task and the sense of finding a name, if the reconstruction efforts hadn't acquired that heady momentum that created such a potent sense of possibility: the possibility that the reconstructed Afghanistan might actually be mine, or yours, or my brother's, or Zohra's - might belong to or have a place for or be shaped by someone born elsewhere, written in another language, constituted by another system of belief. So for me, the creation of a site like Kabul: Reconstructions -- a space where the city (the only part of Afghanistan I have been able to visit) can be envisioned and imagined, the process and progress of reconstruction can be traced, and both the imaginings and reality can be archived -- is part and parcel of this renegotiation of my Afghan identity, which is being continually constructed and reconstructed in tandem with the city and the site.
Posted: 2003-11-18 19:02:33
28. Followup: Say from early 50s till the fall of communist regime in 1992.
mariam: This was a follow-up to the question about Afghans trained in Soviet Bloc countries, which is answered below.
Posted: 2003-12-27 03:45:26
29. What is the total/approx number of Afghan students trained in Soviet Block countries?
mariam: Most people in Kabul seem to think it was around 650,000. We will see if we can get some kind of source for this number later. I also wanted to note that this is a very interesting question because the education of this generation (the follow-up specified from 1950s to 1990s) is probably having a profound effect on their contributions to the reconstruction effort right now.
Posted: 2003-12-27 03:44:34
30. Aquamarine is a valuable jem sought after in Afganistan, has the collection of this valuable jem been slowed due to the mountainous cave areas being used as hiding places for loyalist to the old regime?
mariam: Sorry it took me so long to get back to you on this -- I checked with several interim government sources but there doesn't seem to be any data collected on the effects of cave occupation on aquamarine mining. In terms of lapis lazuli, however, which is one of the best known exports of Afghanistan (I myself don't associate aquamarine with Afghanistan, but think much more of lapis and moonstone as its primary precious stone resources), anecdotal evidence would suggest that lapis lazuli mining has been unaffected by political events in the caves of the mountain regions, since every store on Chicken Street (notorious tourist destination in Kabul) has fifty brand-shiny-new lapis and silver jewelry sets for sale. In fact I'm wearing today a lapis ring and earring set given to me by my great-aunt Simin . . .
Posted: 2003-12-06 16:39:36
31. How does the internet play a part in daily life in Kabul for the average person.
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Posted: 2008-07-16 03:06:33
32. What rolls do women play in technology in Kabul? Has it changed since US occupation?
mariam: Have not been able to find out much about this at a distance (except the fact that the UNDP Telekiosks project -- see above -- is training an equal number of women as men to serve as computer training teachers), so will try to interview some women on this topic while I am in Kabul at the end of December. Stay tuned, hope to post results in early January.

mariam2: side note on this topic, check out this article in Data Quest India: Talibanism in Technology: 7 Reasons Why Women in Technology Remain Invisible

mariam3: followup on this, a recent call (fall 2004) went out from UNDP which revealed links between their program to train women in technology and the Cisco Networking Academy Gender Initiative corporate foundation program:

IT TRAINING FOR WOMEN
   Women of Afghanistan— Help Your Country Integrate Into the Digital Economy!
Launched in 1997, the Cisco Networking Academy Program is a comprehensive program designed to teach Internet technology skills to students and professionals around the World. 
Through its partnership with UNDP, Cisco Systems has provided the people of Afghanistan with access to this cutting-edge technological training.   
Academy graduates are prepared for networking and IT-related careers in the public and private sectors, as well as for higher education in engineering, computer science and related fields.
 An important goal of the program is Cisco’s Gender Initiative.  The goal of this project is to increase females' access to IT training and career opportunities, beginning with the Cisco Networking Academy Program.
We encourage all women to register today!  
Classes starting date:  1st August
Classes hours: 8:00-10:00 am and 01:30-03:00pm
Requirement: knowledge of English and some computer background.  
For registration please contact Nabila Akbari and Sonia Ziaee @ 210-2341. Address: Ministry of Women’s Affairs, 2nd floor, UNDP ICT office.
Posted: 2004-09-30 16:14:30

33. what is the remember of all the hippies they have been in kabul in the seventies?
mariam: This is a great question which I would like to throw back out to the audience to see if anyone has any personal memories of Kabul in the pre-soviet 70s (I myself was not born yet - if you have a memory yourself you can email me at mariam@kabul-reconstructions.net and I will post it for you.) I can tell you a few secondhand stories, though: for example, when I was living in Italy in the late 90s, I met an archaeologist who had been on an "opium odyssey" through Afghanistan during the period you refer to, hitchhiking rides with the ubiquitous trucks on the Jalalabad road and wandering through the mountains to observe (and sample the wares of) primitive, hidden laboratories in the foothills. His memories of this time are hazy but vivid (and somewhat Orientalized) impressions of color, smoke, hospitality and adventure. My guess is that other hippie experiences of Afghanistan may have been pretty similar . . .

This also reminds me that my mother -- who doesn't really qualify as a hippie traveler in Afghanistan since she was married to an Afghan and living in Surkhau and Kabul for three years -- actually shot a bunch of Super-8 footage in and around Kabul in the mid-70s, which I have now. I will try to get some transferred to video and upload it to the INFORMATION page of the site, if people are interested. Meanwhile maybe she will add some more to this answer when she starts posting to the site from Kabul (where she and my father moved back last year after 25 years in the States) sometime next week.

mariam2:
Recent article in the Daily Telegraph on this topic:

THE DAILY TELEGRAPH(LONDON)
May 29, 2004, Saturday
Despite risk Afghanistan is back on hippie trail
By Hamida Ghafour in Kabul

THE Taliban are attacking American soldiers, half the country is off limits to aid workers and the other half is ruled by warlords. But to a rising number of adventure-seekers, Afghanistan is again a trendy place to travel.

A new generation of hippies, including Britons, are crossing the borders from Iran, Uzbekistan and Pakistan, hitch-hiking on lorries carrying emergency supplies to the cities and staying with local families along the way.

Belinda Bowling, a South African who braved public buses and local taxi drivers to travel from the province of Herat, near the Iranian border, to Kabul, admitted that the country wasn't for the novice traveller.

"It's not the place for gap-year youngsters," she said. "But I have never encountered such warmth in all my travels. The family we met in Herat looked after us for the entire time by passing us on to their cousins. I also stayed in teahouses."

While images of Pathans riding on horseback across mountains appeal to the romantic, the risks are high.

Earlier this month two backpackers - a Swiss and a Norwegian - were stoned to death in south Kabul. It is believed that they were staying with a family in the neighbourhood, where members of the Hizb-e- Islami terrorist group live. It is not clear why they were killed.

The Foreign Office advises against all travel to Afghanistan unless essential.

Nick Downie, project manager of Anso, an organisation that provides security advice to the aid community, said: "It's high risk. Sure, it's a great adventure but there are bandits everywhere."

On arrival in Kabul, most stay at the Mustafa Hotel run by Wais Faizi, an eccentric Afghan-American who keeps 54 white doves as pets and charges pounds 6 a night.

"Anyone in his right mind wouldn't come here," he said. "Most people are here to work, not have fun."
Posted: 2004-05-31 09:11:27

34. What is the population of Kabul?
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Posted: 2008-07-23 15:38:30

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